Integrated Reporting, which is the latest development in the frontier of corporate reporting, is driving the disclosure of non-financial information in addition to the traditional financial information in annual reports. Particularly, it encourages the disclosure of multiple capitals (financial and non-financial) whose information is considered to be relevant to investors in investment decision-making. To examine the disclosure of some of these capitals with support from the signalling and legitimacy theories, this study investigated the value relevance of intellectual capital proxied by structural, human, social, and relational capital disclosure to investors using the Ohlson (1995) price model. Using regression technique to analyse 112 firm-year observations of listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria, the findings established that structural, human, social and relational capitals are individually, positively and significantly value relevant to investors. In addition, the capitals were found to jointly, significantly and positively increase the informativeness of earnings per share to investors. The study concludes that information on structural, human, social and relational capitals are valued relevance investors and also, increases the value relevance of earnings in investors’ decision-making. The study, therefore, recommends the adoption of integrated reporting to ensure continuous disclosure of structural, human, social and relational capital alongside the traditional accounting information in annual reports.

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This study investigated the impact of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) on economic revitalisation in Nigeria from 1992 to 2022, using an ex-post facto research design and secondary data. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was employed to assess the long-run relationship between SMEs and economic revitalisation, revealing a significant positive association. Several key determinants of economic revitalisation were identified, including investment, domestic credit to the private sector, inflation, labour, capital, and technology. Investment and domestic credit support business expansion and sustainability, while effective inflation management is crucial for maintaining economic stability. A skilled labour force, sufficient capital, and technological adoption are vital for economic progress. The findings indicate that SMEs play a critical role in driving Nigeria’s economic growth, while inflation and exchange rates have negative effects on economic revitalisation. The study concludes that investment, domestic credit, labour, capital, and technology are significant drivers of economic revitalisation, and the positive long-run relationship between SMEs and economic revitalisation underscores their importance. To enhance SME productivity and performance, the government should provide single-digit interest rates for domestic credit, enabling plant expansion and job creation. Furthermore, policies should ensure the accessibility of key economic factors, including investment, labour, technology, and capital, to practitioners. Robust monetary policies should be implemented to control inflation and exchange rates, which otherwise hinder SME growth and their contribution to economic revitalisation. In summary, the government should prioritise SME development as a core strategy for driving sustainable economic growth and stability in Nigeria.

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This study explored the relationship between outsourcing strategies and Organisational adaptability in the hospitality industry in Rivers State, Nigeria. The study specifically focused on two dimensions of outsourcing strategies: outsourcing non-core activities and outsourcing core activities, examining their impact on adaptability. A cross-sectional research design was employed, and data were collected from 78 managers and supervisors using a structured questionnaire. The data were analysed using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings revealed a significant positive relationship between outsourcing non-core activities and adaptability, indicating that delegating non-essential tasks to external vendors enables firms to enhance flexibility and respond effectively to environmental changes. However, no significant relationship was found between outsourcing core activities and adaptability, suggesting that outsourcing core functions does not contribute to organisational adaptability and may undermine critical control. In conclusion, the study highlights the importance of strategic outsourcing in enhancing organisational adaptability, particularly through the outsourcing of non-core activities. It is recommended that hospitality firms focus on outsourcing non-core tasks while maintaining control over core functions to ensure sustained adaptability and competitiveness. Practical steps include conducting assessments to identify non-core functions for outsourcing and investing in internal capabilities to manage core operations effectively.

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